Tutorial: Ibis for pandas users

Prerequisites

We recommend starting with the default (DuckDB) backend for a performant, fully-featured local experience. You can install Ibis with pip, conda, mamba, or pixi.

pip install 'ibis-framework[duckdb,examples]'
Warning

Note that the ibis-framework package is not the same as the ibis package in PyPI. These two libraries cannot coexist in the same Python environment, as they are both imported with the ibis module name.

conda install -c conda-forge ibis-duckdb
mamba install -c conda-forge ibis-duckdb
pixi add ibis-duckdb

Overview

Much of the syntax and many of the operations in Ibis are inspired by the pandas DataFrame but the primary domain of Ibis is SQL so there are some differences in how they operate.

For one thing, SQL (and therefore Ibis) makes no guarantees about row order, which is a key assumption that numpy/pandas users are used to. So two columns can’t be deterministically “lined up” unless they are actually part of the same Table. An outcome of this is that you can’t index into Columns by position (column.head(5) or column[3:5]). You can only index into Tables (table.head(5) or table[3:5]). So if you want the first 5 rows of a column, you have to do table.head(5).my_column, table.my_column.head(5) will not work.

Another difference between Ibis tables and pandas DataFrames are that many of the pandas DataFrame operations do in-place operations (they are “mutable”), whereas Ibis table operations always return a new table expression (“immutable”).

Finally, Ibis table expressions are lazy, meaning that as you build up a table expression, no computation is actually performed until you call an action method such as to_pandas. Only then does Ibis compile the table expression into SQL and send it to the backend. (Note that we’ll be using Ibis’ interactive mode to automatically execute queries at the end of each cell in this notebook. If you are using similar code in a program, you will have to add .to_pandas() to each operation that you want to evaluate.)

import ibis
import pandas as pd

ibis.options.interactive = True

We’ll be using the DuckDB backend in Ibis in the examples below. First we’ll create a simple DataFrame.

df = pd.DataFrame(
    [["a", 1, 2], ["b", 3, 4]],
    columns=["one", "two", "three"],
    index=[5, 6],
)
df
one two three
5 a 1 2
6 b 3 4

Now we can create an Ibis table from the above DataFrame.

Note that the index from the pandas DataFrame is dropped. Ibis has no notion of an index: If you want to use the index, you will need to turn it into a column.

t = ibis.memtable(df, name="t")
t
┏━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┓
┃ one    ┃ two   ┃ three ┃
┡━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━┩
│ string │ int64 │ int64 │
├────────┼───────┼───────┤
│ a      │     1 │     2 │
│ b      │     3 │     4 │
└────────┴───────┴───────┘

Data types

The data types of columns in pandas are accessed using the dtypes attribute. This returns a Series object.

df.dtypes
one      object
two       int64
three     int64
dtype: object

In Ibis, you use the schema method which returns an ibis.Schema object.

t.schema()
ibis.Schema {
  one    string
  two    int64
  three  int64
}

It is possible to convert the schema information to pandas data types using the to_pandas method, if needed.

t.schema().to_pandas()
[('one', dtype('O')), ('two', dtype('int64')), ('three', dtype('int64'))]

Table layout

In pandas, the layout of the table is contained in the shape attribute which contains the number of rows and number of columns in a tuple. The number of columns in an Ibis table can be gotten from the length of the schema.

len(t.schema())
3

To get the number of rows of a table, you use the count method.

t.count()








┌───┐
│ 2 │
└───┘








To mimic pandas’ behavior, you would use the following code. Note that you need to use the to_pandas method after count to evaluate the expression returned by count.




(t.count().to_pandas(), len(t.schema()))




(2, 3)








df.shape




(2, 3)










Subsetting columns


Selecting columns is very similar to in pandas. In fact, you can use the same syntax.




t[["one", "two"]]




┏━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┓
┃ one    ┃ two   ┃
┡━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━┩
│ string │ int64 │
├────────┼───────┤
│ a      │     1 │
│ b      │     3 │
└────────┴───────┘











Selecting columns


Selecting columns is done using the same syntax as in pandas DataFrames. You can use either the indexing syntax or attribute syntax.




t["one"]




┏━━━━━━━━┓
┃ one    ┃
┡━━━━━━━━┩
│ string │
├────────┤
│ a      │
│ b      │
└────────┘







or:




t.one




┏━━━━━━━━┓
┃ one    ┃
┡━━━━━━━━┩
│ string │
├────────┤
│ a      │
│ b      │
└────────┘











Adding, removing, and modifying columns


Modifying the columns of an Ibis table is a bit different than doing the same operations in a pandas DataFrame. This is primarily due to the fact that in-place operations are not supported on Ibis tables. Each time you do a column modification to a table, a new table expression is returned.




Adding columns


Adding columns is done through the mutate method.




mutated = t.mutate(new_col=t.three * 2)
mutated




┏━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━┓
┃ one    ┃ two   ┃ three ┃ new_col ┃
┡━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━┩
│ string │ int64 │ int64 │ int64   │
├────────┼───────┼───────┼─────────┤
│ a      │     1 │     2 │       4 │
│ b      │     3 │     4 │       8 │
└────────┴───────┴───────┴─────────┘







Notice that the original table object remains unchanged. Only the mutated object that was returned contains the new column.




t




┏━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┓
┃ one    ┃ two   ┃ three ┃
┡━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━┩
│ string │ int64 │ int64 │
├────────┼───────┼───────┤
│ a      │     1 │     2 │
│ b      │     3 │     4 │
└────────┴───────┴───────┘







It is also possible to create a column in isolation. This is similar to a Series in pandas. Note that the name of the column by default is a representation of the expression:




unnamed = t.three * 2
unnamed




┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
┃ Multiply(three, 2) ┃
┡━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┩
│ int64              │
├────────────────────┤
│                  4 │
│                  8 │
└────────────────────┘







To get a version with a specific name, you can use the name method:




new_col = unnamed.name("new_col")
new_col




┏━━━━━━━━━┓
┃ new_col ┃
┡━━━━━━━━━┩
│ int64   │
├─────────┤
│       4 │
│       8 │
└─────────┘







You can then add this column to the table using mutate




proj = t.mutate(new_col)
proj




┏━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━┓
┃ one    ┃ two   ┃ three ┃ new_col ┃
┡━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━┩
│ string │ int64 │ int64 │ int64   │
├────────┼───────┼───────┼─────────┤
│ a      │     1 │     2 │       4 │
│ b      │     3 │     4 │       8 │
└────────┴───────┴───────┴─────────┘











Removing columns


Removing a column is done using the drop method.




t.columns




('one', 'two', 'three')








subset = t.drop("one", "two")
subset.columns




('three',)






It is also possible to drop columns by selecting the columns you want to remain.




subset = t["two", "three"]
subset.columns




('two', 'three')










Modifying columns


Replacing existing columns is done using the mutate method just like adding columns. You add a column of the same name to replace it.




t




┏━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┓
┃ one    ┃ two   ┃ three ┃
┡━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━┩
│ string │ int64 │ int64 │
├────────┼───────┼───────┤
│ a      │     1 │     2 │
│ b      │     3 │     4 │
└────────┴───────┴───────┘









mutated = t.mutate(two=t.two * 2)
mutated




┏━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┓
┃ one    ┃ two   ┃ three ┃
┡━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━┩
│ string │ int64 │ int64 │
├────────┼───────┼───────┤
│ a      │     2 │     2 │
│ b      │     6 │     4 │
└────────┴───────┴───────┘











Renaming columns


In addition to replacing columns, you can rename them as well. This is done with the rename method which takes a dictionary containing the name mappings.




renamed = t.rename(
    dict(
        a="one",
        b="two",
    )
)
renamed




┏━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┓
┃ a      ┃ b     ┃ three ┃
┡━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━┩
│ string │ int64 │ int64 │
├────────┼───────┼───────┤
│ a      │     1 │     2 │
│ b      │     3 │     4 │
└────────┴───────┴───────┘













Selecting rows


There are several methods that can be used to select rows of data in various ways. These are described in the sections below. We’ll use the Palmer Penguins\(^1\) dataset to investigate! Ibis has several built-in example datasets that you can access using the ibis.examples module.


\(^1\): Horst AM, Hill AP, Gorman KB (2020). palmerpenguins: Palmer Archipelago (Antarctica) penguin data. R package version 0.1.0. https://allisonhorst.github.io/palmerpenguins/. doi: 10.5281/zenodo.3960218.




penguins = ibis.examples.penguins.fetch()






penguins




┏━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┓
┃ species ┃ island    ┃ bill_length_mm ┃ bill_depth_mm ┃ flipper_length_mm ┃ body_mass_g ┃ sex    ┃ year  ┃
┡━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━┩
│ string  │ string    │ float64        │ float64       │ int64             │ int64       │ string │ int64 │
├─────────┼───────────┼────────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────────┼─────────────┼────────┼───────┤
│ Adelie  │ Torgersen │           39.1 │          18.7 │               181 │        3750 │ male   │  2007 │
│ Adelie  │ Torgersen │           39.5 │          17.4 │               186 │        3800 │ female │  2007 │
│ Adelie  │ Torgersen │           40.3 │          18.0 │               195 │        3250 │ female │  2007 │
│ Adelie  │ Torgersen │           NULL │          NULL │              NULL │        NULL │ NULL   │  2007 │
│ Adelie  │ Torgersen │           36.7 │          19.3 │               193 │        3450 │ female │  2007 │
│ Adelie  │ Torgersen │           39.3 │          20.6 │               190 │        3650 │ male   │  2007 │
│ Adelie  │ Torgersen │           38.9 │          17.8 │               181 │        3625 │ female │  2007 │
│ Adelie  │ Torgersen │           39.2 │          19.6 │               195 │        4675 │ male   │  2007 │
│ Adelie  │ Torgersen │           34.1 │          18.1 │               193 │        3475 │ NULL   │  2007 │
│ Adelie  │ Torgersen │           42.0 │          20.2 │               190 │        4250 │ NULL   │  2007 │
│ …       │ …         │              … │             … │                 … │           … │ …      │     … │
└─────────┴───────────┴────────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────────┴─────────────┴────────┴───────┘









Head, tail and limit


The head method works the same ways as in pandas. Note that some Ibis backends may not have an inherent ordering of their rows and using head may not return deterministic results. In those cases, you can use sorting before calling head to ensure a stable result.




penguins.head(5)




┏━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┓
┃ species ┃ island    ┃ bill_length_mm ┃ bill_depth_mm ┃ flipper_length_mm ┃ body_mass_g ┃ sex    ┃ year  ┃
┡━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━┩
│ string  │ string    │ float64        │ float64       │ int64             │ int64       │ string │ int64 │
├─────────┼───────────┼────────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────────┼─────────────┼────────┼───────┤
│ Adelie  │ Torgersen │           39.1 │          18.7 │               181 │        3750 │ male   │  2007 │
│ Adelie  │ Torgersen │           39.5 │          17.4 │               186 │        3800 │ female │  2007 │
│ Adelie  │ Torgersen │           40.3 │          18.0 │               195 │        3250 │ female │  2007 │
│ Adelie  │ Torgersen │           NULL │          NULL │              NULL │        NULL │ NULL   │  2007 │
│ Adelie  │ Torgersen │           36.7 │          19.3 │               193 │        3450 │ female │  2007 │
└─────────┴───────────┴────────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────────┴─────────────┴────────┴───────┘







However, the tail method is not implemented since it is not supported in all databases. It is possible to emulate the tail method if you use sorting in your table to do a reverse sort then use the head method to retrieve the “top” rows.


Another way to limit the number of retrieved rows is using the limit method. The following will return the same result as head(5). This is often used in conjunction with other filtering techniques that we will cover later.




penguins.limit(5)




┏━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┓
┃ species ┃ island    ┃ bill_length_mm ┃ bill_depth_mm ┃ flipper_length_mm ┃ body_mass_g ┃ sex    ┃ year  ┃
┡━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━┩
│ string  │ string    │ float64        │ float64       │ int64             │ int64       │ string │ int64 │
├─────────┼───────────┼────────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────────┼─────────────┼────────┼───────┤
│ Adelie  │ Torgersen │           39.1 │          18.7 │               181 │        3750 │ male   │  2007 │
│ Adelie  │ Torgersen │           39.5 │          17.4 │               186 │        3800 │ female │  2007 │
│ Adelie  │ Torgersen │           40.3 │          18.0 │               195 │        3250 │ female │  2007 │
│ Adelie  │ Torgersen │           NULL │          NULL │              NULL │        NULL │ NULL   │  2007 │
│ Adelie  │ Torgersen │           36.7 │          19.3 │               193 │        3450 │ female │  2007 │
└─────────┴───────────┴────────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────────┴─────────────┴────────┴───────┘











Filtering rows


In addition to limiting the number of rows that are returned, it is possible to filter the rows using expressions. This is done using the filter method in ibis. Ibis expressions are constructed from operations on columns in a table which return a boolean result. This result is then used to filter the table.




expr = penguins.bill_length_mm > 37.0
expr




┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
┃ Greater(bill_length_mm, 37.0) ┃
┡━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┩
│ boolean                       │
├───────────────────────────────┤
│ True                          │
│ True                          │
│ True                          │
│ NULL                          │
│ False                         │
│ True                          │
│ True                          │
│ True                          │
│ False                         │
│ True                          │
│ …                             │
└───────────────────────────────┘







We can evaluate the value counts to see how many rows we will expect to get back after filtering.




expr.value_counts()




┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
┃ Greater(bill_length_mm, 37.0) ┃ Greater(bill_length_mm, 37.0)_count ┃
┡━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┩
│ boolean                       │ int64                               │
├───────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────────────┤
│ False                         │                                  42 │
│ NULL                          │                                   2 │
│ True                          │                                 300 │
└───────────────────────────────┴─────────────────────────────────────┘







Now we apply the filter to the table. Since there are 6 True values in the expression, we should get 6 rows back.




filtered = penguins.filter(expr)
filtered




┏━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┓
┃ species ┃ island    ┃ bill_length_mm ┃ bill_depth_mm ┃ flipper_length_mm ┃ body_mass_g ┃ sex    ┃ year  ┃
┡━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━┩
│ string  │ string    │ float64        │ float64       │ int64             │ int64       │ string │ int64 │
├─────────┼───────────┼────────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────────┼─────────────┼────────┼───────┤
│ Adelie  │ Torgersen │           39.1 │          18.7 │               181 │        3750 │ male   │  2007 │
│ Adelie  │ Torgersen │           39.5 │          17.4 │               186 │        3800 │ female │  2007 │
│ Adelie  │ Torgersen │           40.3 │          18.0 │               195 │        3250 │ female │  2007 │
│ Adelie  │ Torgersen │           39.3 │          20.6 │               190 │        3650 │ male   │  2007 │
│ Adelie  │ Torgersen │           38.9 │          17.8 │               181 │        3625 │ female │  2007 │
│ Adelie  │ Torgersen │           39.2 │          19.6 │               195 │        4675 │ male   │  2007 │
│ Adelie  │ Torgersen │           42.0 │          20.2 │               190 │        4250 │ NULL   │  2007 │
│ Adelie  │ Torgersen │           37.8 │          17.1 │               186 │        3300 │ NULL   │  2007 │
│ Adelie  │ Torgersen │           37.8 │          17.3 │               180 │        3700 │ NULL   │  2007 │
│ Adelie  │ Torgersen │           41.1 │          17.6 │               182 │        3200 │ female │  2007 │
│ …       │ …         │              … │             … │                 … │           … │ …      │     … │
└─────────┴───────────┴────────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────────┴─────────────┴────────┴───────┘







Of course, the filtering expression can be applied inline as well.




filtered = penguins.filter(penguins.bill_length_mm > 37.0)
filtered




┏━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┓
┃ species ┃ island    ┃ bill_length_mm ┃ bill_depth_mm ┃ flipper_length_mm ┃ body_mass_g ┃ sex    ┃ year  ┃
┡━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━┩
│ string  │ string    │ float64        │ float64       │ int64             │ int64       │ string │ int64 │
├─────────┼───────────┼────────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────────┼─────────────┼────────┼───────┤
│ Adelie  │ Torgersen │           39.1 │          18.7 │               181 │        3750 │ male   │  2007 │
│ Adelie  │ Torgersen │           39.5 │          17.4 │               186 │        3800 │ female │  2007 │
│ Adelie  │ Torgersen │           40.3 │          18.0 │               195 │        3250 │ female │  2007 │
│ Adelie  │ Torgersen │           39.3 │          20.6 │               190 │        3650 │ male   │  2007 │
│ Adelie  │ Torgersen │           38.9 │          17.8 │               181 │        3625 │ female │  2007 │
│ Adelie  │ Torgersen │           39.2 │          19.6 │               195 │        4675 │ male   │  2007 │
│ Adelie  │ Torgersen │           42.0 │          20.2 │               190 │        4250 │ NULL   │  2007 │
│ Adelie  │ Torgersen │           37.8 │          17.1 │               186 │        3300 │ NULL   │  2007 │
│ Adelie  │ Torgersen │           37.8 │          17.3 │               180 │        3700 │ NULL   │  2007 │
│ Adelie  │ Torgersen │           41.1 │          17.6 │               182 │        3200 │ female │  2007 │
│ …       │ …         │              … │             … │                 … │           … │ …      │     … │
└─────────┴───────────┴────────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────────┴─────────────┴────────┴───────┘







Multiple filtering expressions may be passed in to a single call (filtering only rows where they’re all true), or combined together using common boolean operators like (&, |). The expressions below are equivalent:




filtered = penguins.filter(penguins.bill_length_mm > 37.0, penguins.bill_depth_mm > 18.0)
filtered




┏━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┓
┃ species ┃ island    ┃ bill_length_mm ┃ bill_depth_mm ┃ flipper_length_mm ┃ body_mass_g ┃ sex    ┃ year  ┃
┡━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━┩
│ string  │ string    │ float64        │ float64       │ int64             │ int64       │ string │ int64 │
├─────────┼───────────┼────────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────────┼─────────────┼────────┼───────┤
│ Adelie  │ Torgersen │           39.1 │          18.7 │               181 │        3750 │ male   │  2007 │
│ Adelie  │ Torgersen │           39.3 │          20.6 │               190 │        3650 │ male   │  2007 │
│ Adelie  │ Torgersen │           39.2 │          19.6 │               195 │        4675 │ male   │  2007 │
│ Adelie  │ Torgersen │           42.0 │          20.2 │               190 │        4250 │ NULL   │  2007 │
│ Adelie  │ Torgersen │           38.6 │          21.2 │               191 │        3800 │ male   │  2007 │
│ Adelie  │ Torgersen │           38.7 │          19.0 │               195 │        3450 │ female │  2007 │
│ Adelie  │ Torgersen │           42.5 │          20.7 │               197 │        4500 │ male   │  2007 │
│ Adelie  │ Torgersen │           46.0 │          21.5 │               194 │        4200 │ male   │  2007 │
│ Adelie  │ Biscoe    │           37.8 │          18.3 │               174 │        3400 │ female │  2007 │
│ Adelie  │ Biscoe    │           37.7 │          18.7 │               180 │        3600 │ male   │  2007 │
│ …       │ …         │              … │             … │                 … │           … │ …      │     … │
└─────────┴───────────┴────────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────────┴─────────────┴────────┴───────┘









filtered = penguins.filter((penguins.bill_length_mm > 37.0) & (penguins.bill_depth_mm > 18.0))
filtered




┏━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┓
┃ species ┃ island    ┃ bill_length_mm ┃ bill_depth_mm ┃ flipper_length_mm ┃ body_mass_g ┃ sex    ┃ year  ┃
┡━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━┩
│ string  │ string    │ float64        │ float64       │ int64             │ int64       │ string │ int64 │
├─────────┼───────────┼────────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────────┼─────────────┼────────┼───────┤
│ Adelie  │ Torgersen │           39.1 │          18.7 │               181 │        3750 │ male   │  2007 │
│ Adelie  │ Torgersen │           39.3 │          20.6 │               190 │        3650 │ male   │  2007 │
│ Adelie  │ Torgersen │           39.2 │          19.6 │               195 │        4675 │ male   │  2007 │
│ Adelie  │ Torgersen │           42.0 │          20.2 │               190 │        4250 │ NULL   │  2007 │
│ Adelie  │ Torgersen │           38.6 │          21.2 │               191 │        3800 │ male   │  2007 │
│ Adelie  │ Torgersen │           38.7 │          19.0 │               195 │        3450 │ female │  2007 │
│ Adelie  │ Torgersen │           42.5 │          20.7 │               197 │        4500 │ male   │  2007 │
│ Adelie  │ Torgersen │           46.0 │          21.5 │               194 │        4200 │ male   │  2007 │
│ Adelie  │ Biscoe    │           37.8 │          18.3 │               174 │        3400 │ female │  2007 │
│ Adelie  │ Biscoe    │           37.7 │          18.7 │               180 │        3600 │ male   │  2007 │
│ …       │ …         │              … │             … │                 … │           … │ …      │     … │
└─────────┴───────────┴────────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────────┴─────────────┴────────┴───────┘







Aggregation has not been discussed yet, but aggregate values can be used in expressions to return things such as all of the rows in a data set where the value in a column is greater than the mean.




filtered = penguins.filter(penguins.bill_length_mm > penguins.bill_length_mm.mean())
filtered




┏━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┓
┃ species ┃ island    ┃ bill_length_mm ┃ bill_depth_mm ┃ flipper_length_mm ┃ body_mass_g ┃ sex    ┃ year  ┃
┡━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━┩
│ string  │ string    │ float64        │ float64       │ int64             │ int64       │ string │ int64 │
├─────────┼───────────┼────────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────────┼─────────────┼────────┼───────┤
│ Adelie  │ Torgersen │           46.0 │          21.5 │               194 │        4200 │ male   │  2007 │
│ Adelie  │ Dream     │           44.1 │          19.7 │               196 │        4400 │ male   │  2007 │
│ Adelie  │ Torgersen │           45.8 │          18.9 │               197 │        4150 │ male   │  2008 │
│ Adelie  │ Biscoe    │           45.6 │          20.3 │               191 │        4600 │ male   │  2009 │
│ Adelie  │ Torgersen │           44.1 │          18.0 │               210 │        4000 │ male   │  2009 │
│ Gentoo  │ Biscoe    │           46.1 │          13.2 │               211 │        4500 │ female │  2007 │
│ Gentoo  │ Biscoe    │           50.0 │          16.3 │               230 │        5700 │ male   │  2007 │
│ Gentoo  │ Biscoe    │           48.7 │          14.1 │               210 │        4450 │ female │  2007 │
│ Gentoo  │ Biscoe    │           50.0 │          15.2 │               218 │        5700 │ male   │  2007 │
│ Gentoo  │ Biscoe    │           47.6 │          14.5 │               215 │        5400 │ male   │  2007 │
│ …       │ …         │              … │             … │                 … │           … │ …      │     … │
└─────────┴───────────┴────────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────────┴─────────────┴────────┴───────┘











Modifying rows


Sometimes you want to modify the values in a column based on some condition. In pandas, you would do something like df.loc[condition] = new_value. In Ibis though, remember that all expressions are immutable, so you need to create a new table expression with the modified values. You do this using the ifelse method on boolean columns:




long_billed_penguins = penguins.bill_length_mm > 37.0
species_modified = long_billed_penguins.ifelse("wide", penguins.species)
penguins.mutate(species_modified=species_modified)




┏━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
┃ species ┃ island    ┃ bill_length_mm ┃ bill_depth_mm ┃ flipper_length_mm ┃ body_mass_g ┃ sex    ┃ year  ┃ species_modified ┃
┡━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┩
│ string  │ string    │ float64        │ float64       │ int64             │ int64       │ string │ int64 │ string           │
├─────────┼───────────┼────────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────────┼─────────────┼────────┼───────┼──────────────────┤
│ Adelie  │ Torgersen │           39.1 │          18.7 │               181 │        3750 │ male   │  2007 │ wide             │
│ Adelie  │ Torgersen │           39.5 │          17.4 │               186 │        3800 │ female │  2007 │ wide             │
│ Adelie  │ Torgersen │           40.3 │          18.0 │               195 │        3250 │ female │  2007 │ wide             │
│ Adelie  │ Torgersen │           NULL │          NULL │              NULL │        NULL │ NULL   │  2007 │ Adelie           │
│ Adelie  │ Torgersen │           36.7 │          19.3 │               193 │        3450 │ female │  2007 │ Adelie           │
│ Adelie  │ Torgersen │           39.3 │          20.6 │               190 │        3650 │ male   │  2007 │ wide             │
│ Adelie  │ Torgersen │           38.9 │          17.8 │               181 │        3625 │ female │  2007 │ wide             │
│ Adelie  │ Torgersen │           39.2 │          19.6 │               195 │        4675 │ male   │  2007 │ wide             │
│ Adelie  │ Torgersen │           34.1 │          18.1 │               193 │        3475 │ NULL   │  2007 │ Adelie           │
│ Adelie  │ Torgersen │           42.0 │          20.2 │               190 │        4250 │ NULL   │  2007 │ wide             │
│ …       │ …         │              … │             … │                 … │           … │ …      │     … │ …                │
└─────────┴───────────┴────────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────────┴─────────────┴────────┴───────┴──────────────────┘













Sorting rows


Sorting rows in Ibis uses a somewhat different API than in pandas. In pandas, you would use the sort_values method to order rows by values in specified columns. Ibis uses a method called order_by. To specify ascending or descending orders, pandas uses an ascending= argument to sort_values that indicates the order for each sorting column. Ibis allows you to tag the column name in the order_by list as ascending or descending by wrapping it with ibis.asc or ibis.desc.


First, let’s ask Ibis for a pandas DataFrame version of the penguin data:




df = penguins.to_pandas()




Here is an example of sorting a DataFrame using two sort keys. One key is sorting in ascending order and the other is in descending order.




df.sort_values(
    ["bill_length_mm", "bill_depth_mm"], ascending=[True, False], na_position="first"
).head(5)













species
island
bill_length_mm
bill_depth_mm
flipper_length_mm
body_mass_g
sex
year






3
Adelie
Torgersen
NaN
NaN
NaN
NaN
None
2007




271
Gentoo
Biscoe
NaN
NaN
NaN
NaN
None
2009




142
Adelie
Dream
32.1
15.5
188.0
3050.0
female
2009




98
Adelie
Dream
33.1
16.1
178.0
2900.0
female
2008




70
Adelie
Torgersen
33.5
19.0
190.0
3600.0
female
2008













The same operation in Ibis would look like the following. Note that the index values of the resulting DataFrame start from zero and count up, whereas in the example above, they retain their original index value. This is because rows in tables don’t necessarily have a stable index in database backends, so the index is generated on the result.




sorted = penguins.order_by(["bill_length_mm", ibis.desc("bill_depth_mm")]).head(5)
sorted




┏━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┓
┃ species ┃ island    ┃ bill_length_mm ┃ bill_depth_mm ┃ flipper_length_mm ┃ body_mass_g ┃ sex    ┃ year  ┃
┡━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━┩
│ string  │ string    │ float64        │ float64       │ int64             │ int64       │ string │ int64 │
├─────────┼───────────┼────────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────────┼─────────────┼────────┼───────┤
│ Adelie  │ Dream     │           32.1 │          15.5 │               188 │        3050 │ female │  2009 │
│ Adelie  │ Dream     │           33.1 │          16.1 │               178 │        2900 │ female │  2008 │
│ Adelie  │ Torgersen │           33.5 │          19.0 │               190 │        3600 │ female │  2008 │
│ Adelie  │ Dream     │           34.0 │          17.1 │               185 │        3400 │ female │  2008 │
│ Adelie  │ Torgersen │           34.1 │          18.1 │               193 │        3475 │ NULL   │  2007 │
└─────────┴───────────┴────────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────────┴─────────────┴────────┴───────┘











Aggregation


Aggregation in pandas is typically done by computing columns based on an aggregate function.




stats = [df.bill_depth_mm.sum(), df.bill_length_mm.mean()]
pd.DataFrame([stats], columns=["total_bill_depth", "avg.bill_length"])













total_bill_depth
avg.bill_length






0
5865.7
43.92193













In Ibis, you construct aggregate expressions then apply them to the table using the aggregate method.




stats = [
    penguins.bill_depth_mm.sum().name("total_bill_width"),
    penguins.bill_length_mm.mean().name("avg_bill_length"),
]
agged = penguins.aggregate(stats)
agged




┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
┃ total_bill_width ┃ avg_bill_length ┃
┡━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┩
│ float64          │ float64         │
├──────────────────┼─────────────────┤
│           5865.7 │        43.92193 │
└──────────────────┴─────────────────┘







You can also combine both operations into one and pass the aggregate expressions using keyword parameters.




agged = penguins.aggregate(
    total_bill_depth=penguins.bill_depth_mm.sum(),
    avg_bill_length=penguins.bill_length_mm.mean(),
)
agged




┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
┃ total_bill_depth ┃ avg_bill_length ┃
┡━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┩
│ float64          │ float64         │
├──────────────────┼─────────────────┤
│           5865.7 │        43.92193 │
└──────────────────┴─────────────────┘











Group by


Using a similar API as above, aggregations can also be done across groupings using the by= parameter.




agged = penguins.aggregate(
    by="species",
    total_bill_depth=penguins.bill_depth_mm.sum(),
    avg_bill_length=penguins.bill_length_mm.mean(),
)
agged




┏━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
┃ species   ┃ total_bill_depth ┃ avg_bill_length ┃
┡━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┩
│ string    │ float64          │ float64         │
├───────────┼──────────────────┼─────────────────┤
│ Chinstrap │           1252.6 │       48.833824 │
│ Gentoo    │           1842.8 │       47.504878 │
│ Adelie    │           2770.3 │       38.791391 │
└───────────┴──────────────────┴─────────────────┘







Alternatively, by groups can be computed using a grouped table.




agged = penguins.group_by("species").aggregate(
    total_bill_depth=penguins.bill_depth_mm.sum(),
    avg_bill_length=penguins.bill_length_mm.mean(),
)
agged




┏━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
┃ species   ┃ total_bill_depth ┃ avg_bill_length ┃
┡━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┩
│ string    │ float64          │ float64         │
├───────────┼──────────────────┼─────────────────┤
│ Chinstrap │           1252.6 │       48.833824 │
│ Gentoo    │           1842.8 │       47.504878 │
│ Adelie    │           2770.3 │       38.791391 │
└───────────┴──────────────────┴─────────────────┘







You can group over multiple columns too, and rename them if you want.


If you only need to aggregate over a single column, then you don’t need to use the .aggregate() method.




penguins.group_by(["species", "sex"], location="island").body_mass_g.approx_median()




┏━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
┃ species   ┃ sex    ┃ location  ┃ approx_median(body_mass_g) ┃
┡━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┩
│ string    │ string │ string    │ float64                    │
├───────────┼────────┼───────────┼────────────────────────────┤
│ Adelie    │ NULL   │ Torgersen │                     3588.0 │
│ Adelie    │ female │ Dream     │                     3400.0 │
│ Adelie    │ male   │ Dream     │                     3988.0 │
│ Gentoo    │ female │ Biscoe    │                     4700.0 │
│ Gentoo    │ NULL   │ Biscoe    │                     4688.0 │
│ Adelie    │ NULL   │ Dream     │                     2975.0 │
│ Gentoo    │ male   │ Biscoe    │                     5500.0 │
│ Chinstrap │ female │ Dream     │                     3550.0 │
│ Chinstrap │ male   │ Dream     │                     3950.0 │
│ Adelie    │ male   │ Torgersen │                     4000.0 │
│ …         │ …      │ …         │                          … │
└───────────┴────────┴───────────┴────────────────────────────┘







Instead of aggregating after a group by, you can also transform the table so that the output table has the same number of rows as the input table. This is analogous to the groupby().transform() pattern in pandas. You can pass complex expressions to compute per-group:




# Calculate how much the mass of each penguin deviates from the mean
penguins.group_by(["species", "sex"]).mutate(
    # This column isn't needed, but it makes it easier to see what's going on
    mass_mean=penguins.body_mass_g.mean(),
    mass_deviation=penguins.body_mass_g - penguins.body_mass_g.mean(),
)




┏━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
┃ species   ┃ island ┃ bill_length_mm ┃ bill_depth_mm ┃ flipper_length_mm ┃ body_mass_g ┃ sex    ┃ year  ┃ mass_mean   ┃ mass_deviation ┃
┡━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┩
│ string    │ string │ float64        │ float64       │ int64             │ int64       │ string │ int64 │ float64     │ float64        │
├───────────┼────────┼────────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────────┼─────────────┼────────┼───────┼─────────────┼────────────────┤
│ Chinstrap │ Dream  │           50.0 │          19.5 │               196 │        3900 │ male   │  2007 │ 3938.970588 │     -38.970588 │
│ Chinstrap │ Dream  │           50.8 │          19.0 │               210 │        4100 │ male   │  2009 │ 3938.970588 │     161.029412 │
│ Chinstrap │ Dream  │           52.7 │          19.8 │               197 │        3725 │ male   │  2007 │ 3938.970588 │    -213.970588 │
│ Chinstrap │ Dream  │           51.3 │          18.2 │               197 │        3750 │ male   │  2007 │ 3938.970588 │    -188.970588 │
│ Chinstrap │ Dream  │           51.3 │          19.9 │               198 │        3700 │ male   │  2007 │ 3938.970588 │    -238.970588 │
│ Chinstrap │ Dream  │           51.7 │          20.3 │               194 │        3775 │ male   │  2007 │ 3938.970588 │    -163.970588 │
│ Chinstrap │ Dream  │           52.0 │          18.1 │               201 │        4050 │ male   │  2007 │ 3938.970588 │     111.029412 │
│ Chinstrap │ Dream  │           50.5 │          19.6 │               201 │        4050 │ male   │  2007 │ 3938.970588 │     111.029412 │
│ Chinstrap │ Dream  │           50.3 │          20.0 │               197 │        3300 │ male   │  2007 │ 3938.970588 │    -638.970588 │
│ Chinstrap │ Dream  │           50.7 │          19.7 │               203 │        4050 │ male   │  2009 │ 3938.970588 │     111.029412 │
│ …         │ …      │              … │             … │                 … │           … │ …      │     … │           … │              … │
└───────────┴────────┴────────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────────┴─────────────┴────────┴───────┴─────────────┴────────────────┘











NULL values


Ibis has first-class support for NULL values. In pandas and numpy, NULL values are represented by NaN. This can be confusing when working with numeric data, since NaN is also a valid floating point value (along with +/-inf).


In Ibis, we try to be more precise: All data types are nullable, and we use ibis.null() to represent NULL values, and all datatypes have a .isnull() method. For floating point values, we use different values for NaN and +/-inf, and there are the additional methods .isnan() and .isinf().




Dropping rows with NULLs


Both pandas and Ibis allow you to drop rows from a table based on whether a set of columns contains a NULL value. This method is called dropna in both packages. The common set of parameters in the two are subset= and how=. The subset= parameter indicates which columns to inspect for NULL values. The how= parameter specifies whether ‘any’ or ‘all’ of the specified columns must be NULL in order for the row to be dropped.




no_null_peng = penguins.dropna(["bill_depth_mm", "bill_length_mm"], how="any")








Filling NULL values


Both pandas and Ibis allow you to fill NULL values in a table. In Ibis, the replacement value can only be a scalar value of a dictionary of values. If it is a dictionary, the keys of the dictionary specify the column name for the value to apply to.




no_null_peng = penguins.fill_null(dict(bill_depth_mm=0, bill_length_mm=0))








Replacing NULLs


The Ibis equivalent of pandas fillna is fill_null, this method allows you to specify a replacement value for NULL values.




bill_length_no_nulls = penguins.bill_length_mm.fill_null(0)










Type casts


Type casting in pandas is done using the astype method on columns.




df.bill_depth_mm.astype(str)




0      18.7
1      17.4
2      18.0
3       nan
4      19.3
       ... 
339    19.8
340    18.1
341    18.2
342    19.0
343    18.7
Name: bill_depth_mm, Length: 344, dtype: object






In Ibis, you cast the column type using the cast method.




penguins.bill_depth_mm.cast("int")




┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
┃ Cast(bill_depth_mm, int64) ┃
┡━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┩
│ int64                      │
├────────────────────────────┤
│                         19 │
│                         17 │
│                         18 │
│                       NULL │
│                         19 │
│                         21 │
│                         18 │
│                         20 │
│                         18 │
│                         20 │
│                          … │
└────────────────────────────┘







Casted columns can be assigned back to the table using the mutate method described earlier.




casted = penguins.mutate(
    bill_depth_mm=penguins.bill_depth_mm.cast("int"),
    bill_length_mm=penguins.bill_length_mm.cast("int"),
)
casted.schema()




ibis.Schema {
  species            string
  island             string
  bill_length_mm     int64
  bill_depth_mm      int64
  flipper_length_mm  int64
  body_mass_g        int64
  sex                string
  year               int64
}










Set membership


pandas set membership uses the in and not in operators such as 'a' in df.species. Ibis uses isin and notin methods. In addition to testing membership in a set, these methods allow you to specify an else case to assign a value when the value isn’t in the set.




penguins.species.value_counts()




┏━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
┃ species   ┃ species_count ┃
┡━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┩
│ string    │ int64         │
├───────────┼───────────────┤
│ Adelie    │           152 │
│ Gentoo    │           124 │
│ Chinstrap │            68 │
└───────────┴───────────────┘









refined = penguins.species.isin(["Adelie", "Chinstrap"])
refined.value_counts()




┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
┃ InValues(species, ('Adelie', 'Chinstrap')) ┃ InValues(species, ('Adelie', 'Chinstrap'))_count ┃
┡━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┩
│ boolean                                    │ int64                                            │
├────────────────────────────────────────────┼──────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ False                                      │                                              124 │
│ True                                       │                                              220 │
└────────────────────────────────────────────┴──────────────────────────────────────────────────┘











Merging tables


While pandas uses the merge method to combine data from multiple DataFrames, Ibis uses the join method. They both have similar capabilities.


The biggest difference between Ibis’ join method and pandas’ merge method is that pandas only accepts column names or index levels to join on, whereas Ibis can merge on expressions.


Here are some examples of merging using pandas.




df_left = pd.DataFrame(
    [
        ["a", 1, 2],
        ["b", 3, 4],
        ["c", 4, 6],
    ],
    columns=["name", "x", "y"],
)

df_right = pd.DataFrame(
    [
        ["a", 100, 200],
        ["m", 300, 400],
        ["n", 400, 600],
    ],
    columns=["name", "x_100", "y_100"],
)






df_left.merge(df_right, on="name")













name
x
y
x_100
y_100






0
a
1
2
100
200















df_left.merge(df_right, on="name", how="outer")













name
x
y
x_100
y_100






0
a
1.0
2.0
100.0
200.0




1
b
3.0
4.0
NaN
NaN




2
c
4.0
6.0
NaN
NaN




3
m
NaN
NaN
300.0
400.0




4
n
NaN
NaN
400.0
600.0













We can now convert DataFrames to Ibis tables to do joins.




t_left = ibis.memtable(df_left, name="t_left")
t_right = ibis.memtable(df_right, name="t_right")






t_left.join(t_right, t_left.name == t_right.name)




┏━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┓
┃ name   ┃ x     ┃ y     ┃ x_100 ┃ y_100 ┃
┡━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━┩
│ string │ int64 │ int64 │ int64 │ int64 │
├────────┼───────┼───────┼───────┼───────┤
│ a      │     1 │     2 │   100 │   200 │
└────────┴───────┴───────┴───────┴───────┘







Below is an outer join where missing values are filled with NaN.




t_left.join(t_right, t_left.name == t_right.name, how="outer")




┏━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┓
┃ name   ┃ x     ┃ y     ┃ name_right ┃ x_100 ┃ y_100 ┃
┡━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━┩
│ string │ int64 │ int64 │ string     │ int64 │ int64 │
├────────┼───────┼───────┼────────────┼───────┼───────┤
│ a      │     1 │     2 │ a          │   100 │   200 │
│ b      │     3 │     4 │ NULL       │  NULL │  NULL │
│ c      │     4 │     6 │ NULL       │  NULL │  NULL │
│ NULL   │  NULL │  NULL │ m          │   300 │   400 │
│ NULL   │  NULL │  NULL │ n          │   400 │   600 │
└────────┴───────┴───────┴────────────┴───────┴───────┘











Concatenating tables


Concatenating DataFrames in pandas is done with the concat top-level function. It takes multiple DataFrames and concatenates the rows of one DataFrame to the next. If the columns are mis-matched, it extends the list of columns to include the full set of columns and inserts NaNs and Nones into the missing values.


Concatenating tables in Ibis can only be done on tables with matching schemas. The concatenation is done using the top-level union function or the union method on a table.


We’ll demonstrate a pandas concat first.




df_1 = pd.DataFrame(
    [
        ["a", 1, 2],
        ["b", 3, 4],
        ["c", 4, 6],
    ],
    columns=["name", "x", "y"],
)

df_2 = pd.DataFrame(
    [
        ["a", 100, 200],
        ["m", 300, 400],
        ["n", 400, 600],
    ],
    columns=["name", "x", "y"],
)






pd.concat([df_1, df_2])













name
x
y






0
a
1
2




1
b
3
4




2
c
4
6




0
a
100
200




1
m
300
400




2
n
400
600













Now we can convert the DataFrames to Ibis tables and combine the tables using a union.




t_1 = ibis.memtable(df_1, name="t_1")
t_2 = ibis.memtable(df_2, name="t_2")






unioned = ibis.union(t_1, t_2)
unioned




┏━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┓
┃ name   ┃ x     ┃ y     ┃
┡━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━┩
│ string │ int64 │ int64 │
├────────┼───────┼───────┤
│ a      │     1 │     2 │
│ b      │     3 │     4 │
│ c      │     4 │     6 │
│ a      │   100 │   200 │
│ m      │   300 │   400 │
│ n      │   400 │   600 │
└────────┴───────┴───────┘











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